创建分区

本节将介绍如何对一个硬盘进行分区以及删除分区。

假设我们有一个硬盘/dev/sdb，它还没有任何的分区，如下：

[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdb      8:16   1 223.4G  0 disk 

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb

Disk /dev/sdb: 239.9 GB, 239902654464 bytes, 468559872 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

接下来，我们对硬盘/dev/sdb进行分区，目标是分成一个主分区，扩展分区中分两个逻辑分区。首先，执行命令fdisk /dev/sdb，然后会提示输入交互命令（完整的交互命令见本文附录），输入p表示打印分区情况，n表示新建分区，我们输入n来新建分区。然后会提示选择创建的分区类型，p表示主分区，e表示扩展分区，我们输入p来创建一个主分区。然后会继续提示该分区的编号，由于还没有分区存在，所以编号可以选择1至4，我们直接回车选择默认值1。然后会继续提示输入起始扇区的索引值，由于1到2047的扇区已经被系统使用不可分配，我们直接回车选择默认值从2048开始。接着，它会提示输入结束扇区的索引值或者大小，我们输入+50G然后回车，此时一个50G大小的主分区就创建好了。接着，我们在命令提示符中输入w表示把刚才的操作从内存写入到磁盘分区表中。此次命令结束。

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x93de47a2.

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 
First sector (2048-468559871, default 2048): 
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-468559871, default 468559871): +50G
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 50 GiB is set

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

此时，虽然分区表已经被修改了，但是我们还看不到刚才的分区效果，我们还得执行一条命令partprobe，然后我们就可以看到刚才的分区了。如下

[root@localhost ~]# partprobe
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    1   837G  0 disk 
└─sda1   8:1    1    50G  0 part /
sdb      8:16   1 223.4G  0 disk 
└─sdb1   8:17   1    50G  0 part 
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb

Disk /dev/sdb: 239.9 GB, 239902654464 bytes, 468559872 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x93de47a2

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048   104859647    52428800   83  Linux

接着，我们把硬盘/dev/sdb上剩余的空间创建一个扩展分区。首先，执行命令fdisk /dev/sdb，接着在命令提示中输入n，然后输入e选择扩展分区，接着直接回车使用默认的分区号2，然后直接回车起始扇区使用默认的值，然后再直接回车结束扇区也使用默认的值，此时剩余的空间就都划分到了扩展分区中。最后，输入w把更改从内存写入到磁盘分区表中。

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.


Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): e
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 
First sector (104859648-468559871, default 104859648): 
Using default value 104859648
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (104859648-468559871, default 468559871): 
Using default value 468559871
Partition 2 of type Extended and of size 173.4 GiB is set

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

接着，我们执行partprobe命令，然后再来查看分区情况，如下。我们发现，在lsblk命令中看到的/sdb2的大小为1K（虽然不知道为什么是1K，但没关系）。同时发现，/dev/sdb2的System为Extended，可以看出，它是一个扩展分区。

[root@localhost ~]# partprobe
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    1   837G  0 disk 
└─sda1   8:1    1    50G  0 part /
sdb      8:16   1 223.4G  0 disk 
├─sdb1   8:17   1    50G  0 part 
└─sdb2   8:18   1     1K  0 part 
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb

Disk /dev/sdb: 239.9 GB, 239902654464 bytes, 468559872 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x93de47a2

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048   104859647    52428800   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2       104859648   468559871   181850112    5  Extended

接着，我们在/dev/sdb2这个扩展分区中创建两个逻辑分区。首先输入命令fdisk /dev/sdb，接着输入n，此时由于已经建立了扩展分区，那么再新建分区的话就只能是主分区或者是逻辑分区，所以提示变成了p与l（l表示逻辑分区）。我们输入l，逻辑分区的编号是从5开始的，不需要我们选择。接着我们直接回车起始扇区使用默认值（即从扩展分区的起始扇区开始），然后输入+80G，最后输入w。

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.


Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (1 primary, 1 extended, 2 free)
   l   logical (numbered from 5)
Select (default p): l
Adding logical partition 5
First sector (104861696-468559871, default 104861696): 
Using default value 104861696
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (104861696-468559871, default 468559871): +80G
Partition 5 of type Linux and of size 80 GiB is set

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

此时我们先不执行partprobe命令，步骤与上面类似，如下

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.


Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (1 primary, 1 extended, 2 free)
   l   logical (numbered from 5)
Select (default p): l
Adding logical partition 6
First sector (272635904-468559871, default 272635904): 
Using default value 272635904
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (272635904-468559871, default 468559871): 
Using default value 468559871
Partition 6 of type Linux and of size 93.4 GiB is set

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

两个逻辑分区都创建好了以后，我们执行partprobe命令然后查看分区情况，如下。这个时候，我们基本可以知道如何从lsblk命令与fdisk命令的输出判断某个分区是哪种类型的分区了。在lsblk的输出中，编号小于等于4（sdb1到sdb4）的为主分区或扩展分区，而其中大小为1K的为扩展分区，其余的为主分区；编号大于等于5（sdb5、sdb6）的为逻辑分区。在fdisk的输出中，同样，编号小于等于4的为主分区或扩展分区，而标志为Extended的为扩展分区，标志为Linux的为主分区；编号大于等于5的为逻辑分区。

[root@localhost ~]# partprobe
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    1   837G  0 disk 
└─sda1   8:1    1    50G  0 part /
sdb      8:16   1 223.4G  0 disk 
├─sdb1   8:17   1    50G  0 part 
├─sdb2   8:18   1     1K  0 part 
├─sdb5   8:21   1    80G  0 part 
└─sdb6   8:22   1  93.4G  0 part 
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb

Disk /dev/sdb: 239.9 GB, 239902654464 bytes, 468559872 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x93de47a2

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048   104859647    52428800   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2       104859648   468559871   181850112    5  Extended
/dev/sdb5       104861696   272633855    83886080   83  Linux
/dev/sdb6       272635904   468559871    97961984   83  Linux

那么到此，我们的分区任务就已经完成了。

删除分区

最好不要直接删除已经挂载的分区，如果分区已经挂载，请先卸载再删除，以免出现难以预料的问题。

接着上面的内容，现在我们要删除分区/dev/sdb6。首先，执行命令fdisk /dev/sdb，然后输入d，然后输入6，最后输入w，删除操作完成。

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.


Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1,2,5,6, default 6): 6
Partition 6 is deleted

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

接着，我们执行命令partprobe，然后查看硬盘/dev/sdb的分区情况，如下，分区删除成功

[root@localhost ~]# lsblk /dev/sdb
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdb      8:16   1 223.4G  0 disk 
├─sdb1   8:17   1    50G  0 part 
├─sdb2   8:18   1     1K  0 part 
└─sdb5   8:21   1    80G  0 part 
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb

Disk /dev/sdb: 239.9 GB, 239902654464 bytes, 468559872 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x93de47a2

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048   104859647    52428800   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2       104859648   468559871   181850112    5  Extended
/dev/sdb5       104861696   272633855    83886080   83  Linux

附录1：fdisk交互命令（部分）

附录2：分区类型

0  Empty           24  NEC DOS         81  Minix / old Lin bf  Solaris        
 1  FAT12           27  Hidden NTFS Win 82  Linux swap / So c1  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
 2  XENIX root      39  Plan 9          83  Linux           c4  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
 3  XENIX usr       3c  PartitionMagic  84  OS/2 hidden C:  c6  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
 4  FAT16 <32M      40  Venix 80286     85  Linux extended  c7  Syrinx         
 5  Extended        41  PPC PReP Boot   86  NTFS volume set da  Non-FS data    
 6  FAT16           42  SFS             87  NTFS volume set db  CP/M / CTOS / .
 7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d  QNX4.x          88  Linux plaintext de  Dell Utility   
 8  AIX             4e  QNX4.x 2nd part 8e  Linux LVM       df  BootIt         
 9  AIX bootable    4f  QNX4.x 3rd part 93  Amoeba          e1  DOS access     
 a  OS/2 Boot Manag 50  OnTrack DM      94  Amoeba BBT      e3  DOS R/O        
 b  W95 FAT32       51  OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f  BSD/OS          e4  SpeedStor      
 c  W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52  CP/M            a0  IBM Thinkpad hi eb  BeOS fs        
 e  W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53  OnTrack DM6 Aux a5  FreeBSD         ee  GPT            
 f  W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54  OnTrackDM6      a6  OpenBSD         ef  EFI (FAT-12/16/
10  OPUS            55  EZ-Drive        a7  NeXTSTEP        f0  Linux/PA-RISC b
11  Hidden FAT12    56  Golden Bow      a8  Darwin UFS      f1  SpeedStor      
12  Compaq diagnost 5c  Priam Edisk     a9  NetBSD          f4  SpeedStor      
14  Hidden FAT16 <3 61  SpeedStor       ab  Darwin boot     f2  DOS secondary  
16  Hidden FAT16    63  GNU HURD or Sys af  HFS / HFS+      fb  VMware VMFS    
17  Hidden HPFS/NTF 64  Novell Netware  b7  BSDI fs         fc  VMware VMKCORE 
18  AST SmartSleep  65  Novell Netware  b8  BSDI swap       fd  Linux raid auto
1b  Hidden W95 FAT3 70  DiskSecure Mult bb  Boot Wizard hid fe  LANstep        
1c  Hidden W95 FAT3 75  PC/IX           be  Solaris boot    ff  BBT            
1e  Hidden W95 FAT1 80  Old Minix

Reference

[1] http://blog.51cto.com/13508525/2285413

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